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# How Many?

## Overview
In this chapter, children explore the concepts of **addition and subtraction** through engaging activities, concrete objects, fun games, and relatable stories. The emphasis is on real-life scenarios and the development of **number sense**, helping young learners become comfortable with the ideas of **“how many altogether”** and **“how many left.”** Children use visual aids like beads, dice, pictures, and story rhymes to practice arithmetic in a playful, meaningful way.

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## Key Topics Covered

### 1. Counting and Adding Objects
- Children observe everyday scenes like playing in a park to count people and objects.
- Activities focus on counting and aggregating two groups (e.g., 4 children + 2 children = 6 children).
- Examples:
- 3 tops + 1 top = 4 tops
- 4 pencils + 3 pencils = 7 pencils

**Objective**: Understand how combining two groups results in a total. The words “altogether” and “make” are introduced with the symbol (+) and (=).

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### 2. Daily Life Addition Questions
Students answer practical addition questions such as:
- How many family members do you and your friend have together?
- How many fingers are there on both hands and feet?

**Objective**: Apply addition in real-life and family-related contexts to promote familiarity.

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### 3. Addition through Games

#### A. Dice Game
- Children roll two dice, count the dots, and compare scores with friends.
- Helps develop counting, addition, and comparison skills.

#### B. Beads and String
- Add using coloured bead patterns (e.g., 3 red + 4 blue = 7 beads).
- Develops visual understanding of number combinations.

#### C. Hop and Find the Sum
- Children hop on a number line and find the result of small addition problems like 4 + 2 or 5 + 3.

**Objective**: Reinforce learning through movement, hands-on activity, and visual patterns.

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### 4. Different Ways of Adding
Children discover that:
- 3 + 3 and 5 + 1 both make 6, but the method or groupings can differ.
- They practice writing and matching number pairs that total to the same value (especially 9).

**Objective**: Recognize number bonds, flexibility in number combinations.

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### 5. Word Problems and Personalization
Children solve real-life word problems like:
- Raghav has 4 shells. Sarita has 5 shells. How many in all?

They also fill in information about their own bags:
- “I have 3 books, my friend has 2 books. We have 5 books in all.”

**Objective**: Build ability to relate arithmetic to personal experiences.

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### 6. Number Subtraction – How Many Left?

#### Activities include:
- Story poem of children getting off the bus one by one.
- Subtraction using pictures of frogs, balloons, ladoos, etc.
- Example: 6 frogs – 2 jumped = 4 frogs left
- Use of number strips for backward jumps (e.g., 9 – 3 = 6)

**Objective**: Introduce subtraction using visual, narrative, and experiential techniques.

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### 7. Hidden Dots Game
Children use ten-dot cards and hide some dots behind a handkerchief, asking:
- How many dots are hidden?
- How many are visible?

**Objective**: Develop number sense by relating visible and hidden parts of a whole.

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## New Terms (Simple Definitions)

| Term | Definition |
|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Altogether | The total when two or more groups are combined |
| Addition | The process of putting groups together to find out how many in total |
| Subtraction | The process of taking away from a group to find out what remains |
| Dice | A small cube with dots from 1 to 6 used in games |
| Beads | Small objects used for counting and stringing |
| Number Line | A line with numbers in order, used to show addition or subtraction visually|
| Number Bonds | Different pairs of numbers that add up to the same total |
| Hop | To jump over numbers or blocks while counting or calculating |

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## Practice Questions

### Easy (3)

1. What is 4 + 3?
**Answer**: 7
**Explanation**: Combine 4 and 3 objects to get 7.

2. If you have 2 marbles and find 3 more, how many do you have?
**Answer**: 5
**Explanation**: 2 + 3 = 5

3. There are 6 balloons. 2 flew away. How many are left?
**Answer**: 4
**Explanation**: 6 - 2 = 4

### Medium (2)

4. Rohan has 5 ladoos, and Sita has 4 ladoos. How many ladoos do they have in total?
**Answer**: 9
**Explanation**: 5 + 4 = 9

5. Jump 3 steps back from 8 on a number line. Where do you land?
**Answer**: 5
**Explanation**: 8 - 3 = 5

### Difficult (3)

6. You rolled a 6 on one dice and 5 on another. What is the total?
**Answer**: 11
**Explanation**: Add the dots: 6 + 5 = 11

7. There are 9 butterflies on a bush. 4 flew away. How many are left?
**Answer**: 5
**Explanation**: 9 - 4 = 5

8. You and your friend together have 3 pencils and 6 pens. How many writing tools in total?
**Answer**: 9
**Explanation**: 3 + 6 = 9

### Very Difficult (2)

9. Fill in the blanks: ___ + ___ = 9. List three different pairs.
**Answer**:
- 1 + 8
- 2 + 7
- 4 + 5
**Explanation**: All pairs add up to 9 (number bonds of 9).

10. Write numbers 1, 2, and 3 in boxes so each row adds up to 6.
**Answer**:
- Row 1: 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
- Row 2: 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
**Explanation**: Changing the order of numbers doesn’t change the total (commutative property of addition).

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