# Shadows and Shapes

## Overview

In this chapter, children explore the concept of **shadows** and **shapes** through interactive activities, stories, games, and hands-on experiences. The key learning areas include how shadows are formed, recognizing shapes and their features like corners and edges, tracing objects, folding paper (origami), and identifying and extending patterns. The chapter integrates real-life observation with geometry fundamentals.

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## Key Topics Covered

### 1. Shadow Play: Togalu Gombeyaata
- **Togalu Gombeyaata** is a shadow puppetry art from Karnataka.
- Children make animal shadows using fingers and torch light.
- Observation prompts:
- When do shadows form?
- How do their sizes change with torch placement?
- What time of the day is the shadow longest or shortest?

### 2. Fun with Shadows
- Questions to encourage curiosity:
- Have you seen shadows of yourself or animals?
- When does a shadow appear or disappear?
- Encourages kids to use torches and explore shadow behavior.

### 3. Object Tracing and Shape Recognition
- Children trace shapes of common items like:
- Eraser
- Leaf
- Pencil
- Matchbox
- Identify similar traced shapes (e.g., bottle cap and coin).

### 4. Hide and Seek Game with Shapes
- Shapes like Circle, Square, Rectangle, and Triangle play a game.
- Children guess hiding spots based on real-world objects:
- Circle → clock, ball, coin
- Rectangle → shoebox, photo frame
- Triangle and Square → students suggest hiding places

### 5. Catch the Corner Game
- Game where children must stand at table corners when clapping stops.
- Develops understanding of:
- Corners and edges in objects.
- Differences between round and polygonal shapes.
- Promotes identification of straight and curved edges in household items.

### 6. Origami and Paper Folding
- Children make a **square** and fold it into **triangles**.
- Continue folding to create a **dog face**.
- Count corners and edges in each step.
- Introduces concepts of:
- Shapes from folding
- Curved vs straight edges

### 7. Pattern Making
- Create visual patterns using:
- Leaves
- Mehandi designs
- Household items like caps, coins, erasers
- Extend letter patterns (e.g., AB, AA BB CC)

### 8. Number Patterns
- Children extend sequences such as:
- 5, 10, 15, __
- 7, 14, 21, __
- 1, 7, 13, __
- 1, 4, 7, __ (Kikku's jump)
- 1, 6, 11, __ (Kikku’s mother jump)
- Understand skip counting and arithmetic progression

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## New Terms and Simple Definitions

| Term | Definition |
|--------------|------------|
| Shadow | A dark shape made when something blocks light |
| Trace | To draw the outline of something by copying its shape |
| Edge | A straight line where two sides of a shape meet |
| Corner | A point where two sides of a shape come together |
| Curved Edge | A rounded or bent edge, not straight |
| Origami | The art of folding paper to make shapes or figures |
| Pattern | A repeated design or sequence |
| Sequence | A list of numbers or things that follow a rule |
| Puppet | A figure moved by hand or string, used in shows |
| Fold | To bend something (like paper) so one part covers another |

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## Practice Problems

### Easy (3)

1. **What is the shape of a coin?**
**Answer**: Circle
**Explanation**: A coin has a round shape and curved edge.

2. **What happens to your shadow at noon?**
**Answer**: It becomes the shortest.
**Explanation**: Sun is right above, so shadows shrink.

3. **How many corners does a rectangle have?**
**Answer**: 4
**Explanation**: A rectangle has four straight sides meeting at four corners.

### Medium (2)

4. **Trace a pencil and a box. Which one has a straight edge?**
**Answer**: Box
**Explanation**: A box has straight sides; a pencil may be round or hexagonal.

5. **If a pattern goes A, B, A, B, what comes next?**
**Answer**: A
**Explanation**: The pattern repeats after every two letters.

### Difficult (3)

6. **A shape has 3 corners and 3 edges. What is it?**
**Answer**: Triangle
**Explanation**: A triangle is defined by 3 sides and 3 corners.

7. **A square paper is folded in half, then half again. What shape do you get?**
**Answer**: Smaller squares or triangles depending on the fold.
**Explanation**: Folding diagonally makes triangles; horizontal/vertical makes squares.

8. **Draw a shape with both curved and straight edges. Name an object like it.**
**Answer**: Semi-circle with straight base and curved top, like a fan or dome.
**Explanation**: Combines both types of edges.

### Very Difficult (2)

9. **Extend the pattern: 1, 7, 13, __, __**
**Answer**: 19, 25
**Explanation**: The pattern increases by 6 each time.

10. **Can a game like "Catch the Corner" be played on a round table? Why or why not?**
**Answer**: No
**Explanation**: A round table has no corners, so the game won’t work as intended.

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