# Parts and Wholes

## Overview
In this chapter, students explore the concept of **fractions** using relatable activities and visuals like flags, chocolates, hats, and vegetable fields. Through stories, puzzles, games, and practical examples, learners understand how to divide objects into equal parts and represent them using fractions.

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## Key Topics Covered

### 1. Understanding the Indian Flag Using Fractions
- Drawing the Indian flag and dividing it into three equal parts.
- Discussing colors used in the flag and estimating portions (like 1/3 saffron, 1/3 green, white slightly less due to Ashoka Chakra).
- Comparisons with flags from other countries using fractional reasoning.

### 2. Equal Parts of Shapes
- Dividing circles, rectangles, and triangles into equal parts.
- Activities include coloring 1/2, 1/3, and 1/6 of different shapes.
- Making a "Magic Top" to visualize multiple fractional parts spinning together.

### 3. Fractions in Sharing: The Chocolate Bar
- Manju shares chocolate: 1/4 to Raji, 1/3 to Sugatha, 1/6 to Sheela.
- Students calculate and visualize how many pieces each gets and how much Manju eats.

### 4. Comparing Parts of Different Shapes
- Dividing different rectangles into sixths in varied ways.
- Comparing sizes: 1/6 of a large rectangle is more than 1/6 of a smaller one.
- Recognizing the importance of both *equal parts* and *whole size* in fractions.

### 5. Fractions in Real Life: Vegetable Fields
- Ramu's field is divided into 9 parts growing various vegetables.
- Activities involve identifying which crop grows in the largest/smallest area.
- Sharing vegetables among friends using fractional amounts (1/5, 1/3, 2/5, etc.).

### 6. Card Puzzle and Colouring Game
- A game where each player colours fractional parts (1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc.) of a circle.
- Goal: be the first to complete the circle using 12 fractions.
- Enhances recognition of equivalent fractions like 1/2 = 6/12, 1/4 = 3/12, etc.

### 7. Guess and Check with Shapes
- Visual puzzles where students guess what fraction of a shape is coloured.
- Dividing white areas into 2, 3, 4, and even 7 parts, to develop a visual sense of fractions.

Here is the continuation and completion of the markdown summary for the chapter **"Parts and Wholes"** from the Grade 4 Mathematics textbook.


### 8. Cutting the Halwa
- Story-based activity: Halwa is divided among Ammu and Anu.
- First divided into 2 equal parts, then each part into halves and further smaller parts.
- Reinforces understanding of half, one-fourth, and smaller fractions practically.

### 9. Equivalent Fractions Using Strips
- Students create fraction strips using paper to explore equivalence:
- 1/2 = 2/4 = 4/8 = 5/10, etc.
- Helps in understanding comparison and addition of like fractions.

### 10. From a Part to the Whole
- Activities to complete pictures of fans, flowers from fractional parts shown.
- Visual exercises show that knowing a part helps us understand the whole.

### 11. Rupees and Paise as Fractions
- 50 paise = 1/2 of ₹1
- 25 paise = 1/4 of ₹1
- 10 paise = 1/10 of ₹1
- Activities to calculate how many coins make ₹1.

### 12. Time and Fractions
- Calculating fractions of a day (1/3 of 24 hours = 8 hours).
- Arun’s timetable for sleeping, studying, and playing explained using fractions of a day.

### 13. Real-life Fractions: Old Woman’s Will
- A story of dividing 19 camels among 3 daughters using 1/2, 1/4, and 1/5.
- Solution using addition and borrowing to make fractions work practically.

### 14. Weight and Price in Fractions
- Keerti’s shopping list includes weights like 2 1/4 kg and 3 3/4 kg.
- Calculations involving fractional weights and their cost per kg.

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## New Terms and Simple Definitions

| Term | Simple Definition |
|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Fraction | A way to show a part of a whole, like 1/2 means one part of two equal parts |
| Equal parts | When all parts of a shape or object are the same size |
| Half | One of two equal parts (1/2) |
| One-fourth | One out of four equal parts (1/4) |
| Equivalent | Different fractions that show the same amount, like 2/4 = 1/2 |
| Rupee | Indian money unit; ₹1 = 100 paise |
| Paise | Smaller unit of money; 100 paise = ₹1 |
| Whole | A complete thing, not divided into parts |

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## Practice Questions

### 🟢 Easy (3)
1. Divide a circle into 2 equal parts. What is each part called?
**Answer**: Half (1/2)

2. Colour 3 out of 6 boxes. What fraction is coloured?
**Answer**: 3/6 = 1/2

3. If a flag has 3 equal parts and one is saffron, what fraction is saffron?
**Answer**: 1/3

### 🟡 Medium (2)
4. Manju gave 1/4 chocolate to Raji, 1/3 to Sugatha, and 1/6 to Sheela. How much did she eat?
**Answer**: Total given = 1/4 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 3/12 + 4/12 + 2/12 = 9/12 → She ate 3/12 or 1/4.

5. What is the equivalent fraction of 1/2 using 8 equal parts?
**Answer**: 4/8

### 🔴 Difficult (3)
6. Divide a square into 4 equal parts in two different ways. Are both correct? Why?
**Answer**: Yes, as long as the parts are equal in area, different shapes can be used.

7. In a field with 9 parts, 3 parts are tomatoes, 2 are brinjals, 1 is spinach. What fraction is not used for these?
**Answer**: 3 + 2 + 1 = 6; unused = 3/9 = 1/3

8. Find the total cost of 3¾ kg of potato if 1 kg costs ₹12.
**Answer**: 3.75 × 12 = ₹45

### 🔵 Very Difficult (2)
9. A camel story: Divide 19 camels using 1/2, 1/4, 1/5. How many does each get?
**Answer**: With an extra camel (making 20):
- 1/2 = 10
- 1/4 = 5
- 1/5 = 4
Total = 19; extra camel returned.

10. Arun plays for 1/8 of a day. How many hours is that?
**Answer**: 24 ÷ 8 = 3 hours

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